BRICS Path
Developing the following paths :
1 - The oracle network architecture for ecological impact valuation 2 - Zero-knowledge proof circuits for private credit verification 3 - The economic game theory of liquidity provision 4 - Smart contract security patterns for cross-chain atomic swaps
Four critical technical paths in depth, building on regenerative credit architecture.
Path 1: Oracle Network Architecture for Ecological Impact Valuation
The Challenge
Traditional oracles price financial assets. You need to price regenerative contributions - forest restoration, soil carbon sequestration, biodiversity enhancement, water quality improvement - and translate these into credit capacity.
Multi-Layered Oracle Architecture
// pallets/ecological-oracle/src/lib.rs
use frame_support::{
decl_module, decl_storage, decl_event, decl_error,
traits::{Get, Randomness},
};
use sp_std::prelude::*;
use sp_runtime::traits::{Hash, Zero};
/// Core ecological metrics that oracles must attest to
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct EcologicalMetrics {
// Carbon metrics
pub carbon_sequestered_tonnes: u64,
pub carbon_verification_method: CarbonVerificationMethod,
// Biodiversity metrics
pub biodiversity_score: u32, // 0-1000
pub species_count: u32,
pub habitat_hectares: u64,
// Soil health
pub soil_organic_matter_percent: u32, // basis points
pub soil_carbon_ppm: u64,
// Water systems
pub water_quality_index: u32, // 0-100
pub watershed_area_hectares: u64,
// Social metrics
pub jobs_created: u32,
pub community_members_served: u64,
// Temporal
pub measurement_period_days: u32,
pub verification_timestamp: Timestamp,
}
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub enum CarbonVerificationMethod {
RemoteSensing,
FieldMeasurement,
ModelEstimate,
ThirdPartyAudit,
}
/// Oracle data source with reputation staking
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct OracleProvider<AccountId, Balance> {
pub provider_id: AccountId,
pub stake: Balance,
pub reputation_score: u64,
pub specialization: Vec<OracleSpecialization>,
pub data_submissions: u64,
pub disputes_lost: u64,
pub last_active: BlockNumber,
}
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub enum OracleSpecialization {
CarbonAccounting,
BiodiversityAssessment,
SoilScience,
HydrologicalSystems,
RemoteSensing,
SocialImpact,
}
/// Ecological attestation from multiple oracles
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct EcologicalAttestation<AccountId, Hash> {
pub attestation_id: Hash,
pub subject_account: AccountId,
pub project_id: ProjectId,
pub metrics: EcologicalMetrics,
pub oracle_provider: AccountId,
pub confidence_level: u8, // 0-100
pub supporting_data_ipfs: Vec<u8>, // IPFS CID
pub signature: Vec<u8>,
}
decl_storage! {
trait Store for Module<T: Config> as EcologicalOracle {
/// Registered oracle providers
OracleProviders get(fn oracle_provider):
map hasher(blake2_128_concat) T::AccountId =>
Option<OracleProvider<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>>>;
/// Attestations by project
ProjectAttestations get(fn project_attestations):
double_map hasher(blake2_128_concat) ProjectId,
hasher(blake2_128_concat) T::Hash =>
Option<EcologicalAttestation<T::AccountId, T::Hash>>;
/// Aggregated consensus metrics
ConsensusMetrics get(fn consensus_metrics):
map hasher(blake2_128_concat) ProjectId =>
Option<EcologicalMetrics>;
/// Dispute resolution state
ActiveDisputes get(fn active_disputes):
map hasher(blake2_128_concat) T::Hash =>
Option<DisputeState<T::AccountId, BlockNumber>>;
/// Valuation coefficients (governance-adjustable)
ValuationCoefficients get(fn valuation_coefficients):
map hasher(blake2_128_concat) MetricType => u64;
}
}
decl_event!(
pub enum Event<T> where
AccountId = <T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId,
Hash = <T as frame_system::Config>::Hash,
{
/// Oracle registered [provider_id]
OracleRegistered(AccountId),
/// New attestation submitted [attestation_id, project_id, oracle]
AttestationSubmitted(Hash, ProjectId, AccountId),
/// Consensus reached [project_id, metrics_hash]
ConsensusReached(ProjectId, Hash),
/// Dispute opened [attestation_id, challenger]
DisputeOpened(Hash, AccountId),
/// Dispute resolved [attestation_id, outcome]
DisputeResolved(Hash, DisputeOutcome),
}
);
decl_error! {
pub enum Error for Module<T: Config> {
/// Oracle not registered
OracleNotRegistered,
/// Insufficient stake
InsufficientStake,
/// Project not found
ProjectNotFound,
/// Attestation already exists
AttestationExists,
/// Not enough attestations for consensus
InsufficientAttestations,
/// Dispute period expired
DisputePeriodExpired,
}
}
decl_module! {
pub struct Module<T: Config> for enum Call where origin: T::Origin {
type Error = Error<T>;
fn deposit_event() = default;
/// Register as an oracle provider with stake
#[weight = 10_000]
pub fn register_oracle(
origin,
stake: BalanceOf<T>,
specializations: Vec<OracleSpecialization>,
) -> DispatchResult {
let who = ensure_signed(origin)?;
// Ensure minimum stake
ensure!(
stake >= T::MinimumOracleStake::get(),
Error::<T>::InsufficientStake
);
// Lock stake
T::Currency::reserve(&who, stake)?;
// Create provider entry
let provider = OracleProvider {
provider_id: who.clone(),
stake,
reputation_score: T::InitialReputationScore::get(),
specialization: specializations,
data_submissions: 0,
disputes_lost: 0,
last_active: <frame_system::Pallet<T>>::block_number(),
};
OracleProviders::<T>::insert(&who, provider);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::OracleRegistered(who));
Ok(())
}
/// Submit ecological attestation for a project
#[weight = 50_000]
pub fn submit_attestation(
origin,
project_id: ProjectId,
metrics: EcologicalMetrics,
confidence_level: u8,
supporting_data_ipfs: Vec<u8>,
) -> DispatchResult {
let who = ensure_signed(origin)?;
// Verify oracle is registered
let mut provider = Self::oracle_provider(&who)
.ok_or(Error::<T>::OracleNotRegistered)?;
// Generate attestation ID
let attestation_id = T::Hashing::hash_of(&(
&project_id,
&who,
&metrics,
<frame_system::Pallet<T>>::block_number(),
));
// Create attestation
let attestation = EcologicalAttestation {
attestation_id: attestation_id.clone(),
subject_account: who.clone(),
project_id,
metrics: metrics.clone(),
oracle_provider: who.clone(),
confidence_level,
supporting_data_ipfs,
signature: vec![], // Would be actual signature
};
// Store attestation
ProjectAttestations::<T>::insert(
project_id,
attestation_id.clone(),
attestation,
);
// Update provider stats
provider.data_submissions += 1;
provider.last_active = <frame_system::Pallet<T>>::block_number();
OracleProviders::<T>::insert(&who, provider);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::AttestationSubmitted(
attestation_id,
project_id,
who,
));
// Check if we can reach consensus
Self::try_reach_consensus(project_id)?;
Ok(())
}
/// Challenge an attestation (costs stake if wrong)
#[weight = 30_000]
pub fn open_dispute(
origin,
attestation_id: T::Hash,
reason: Vec<u8>,
) -> DispatchResult {
let who = ensure_signed(origin)?;
// Challenger must have stake
let challenger = Self::oracle_provider(&who)
.ok_or(Error::<T>::OracleNotRegistered)?;
// Create dispute
let dispute = DisputeState {
challenger: who.clone(),
attestation_id: attestation_id.clone(),
reason,
opened_at: <frame_system::Pallet<T>>::block_number(),
status: DisputeStatus::Open,
};
ActiveDisputes::<T>::insert(attestation_id.clone(), dispute);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::DisputeOpened(attestation_id, who));
Ok(())
}
}
}
impl<T: Config> Module<T> {
/// Attempt to reach consensus from multiple attestations
fn try_reach_consensus(project_id: ProjectId) -> DispatchResult {
// Collect all attestations for project
let attestations: Vec<_> = ProjectAttestations::<T>::iter_prefix(project_id)
.map(|(_, attestation)| attestation)
.collect();
// Need minimum N attestations
if attestations.len() < T::MinimumAttestations::get() as usize {
return Ok(());
}
// Weight attestations by oracle reputation and confidence
let consensus_metrics = Self::calculate_weighted_consensus(&attestations);
// Store consensus result
ConsensusMetrics::insert(project_id, consensus_metrics.clone());
let metrics_hash = T::Hashing::hash_of(&consensus_metrics);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::ConsensusReached(project_id, metrics_hash));
Ok(())
}
/// Calculate reputation-weighted consensus
fn calculate_weighted_consensus(
attestations: &[EcologicalAttestation<T::AccountId, T::Hash>],
) -> EcologicalMetrics {
let mut weighted_sum = EcologicalMetrics::default();
let mut total_weight = 0u64;
for attestation in attestations {
if let Some(provider) = Self::oracle_provider(&attestation.oracle_provider) {
// Weight = reputation * confidence_level
let weight = provider.reputation_score
* attestation.confidence_level as u64;
// Weighted sum of each metric
weighted_sum.carbon_sequestered_tonnes +=
attestation.metrics.carbon_sequestered_tonnes * weight;
weighted_sum.biodiversity_score +=
attestation.metrics.biodiversity_score * weight as u32;
// ... other metrics
total_weight += weight;
}
}
// Divide by total weight to get consensus
if total_weight > 0 {
weighted_sum.carbon_sequestered_tonnes /= total_weight;
weighted_sum.biodiversity_score /= total_weight as u32;
// ... other metrics
}
weighted_sum
}
/// Calculate credit capacity from ecological metrics
pub fn calculate_credit_capacity(
metrics: &EcologicalMetrics,
) -> Result<Balance, DispatchError> {
let mut capacity = 0u64;
// Carbon component (using market-based valuation)
let carbon_value = metrics.carbon_sequestered_tonnes
* Self::valuation_coefficients(MetricType::CarbonPerTonne);
capacity += carbon_value;
// Biodiversity component
let biodiversity_value = (metrics.biodiversity_score as u64)
* (metrics.habitat_hectares)
* Self::valuation_coefficients(MetricType::BiodiversityScore);
capacity += biodiversity_value / 1000; // Normalize
// Soil health component
let soil_value = (metrics.soil_organic_matter_percent as u64)
* Self::valuation_coefficients(MetricType::SoilHealth);
capacity += soil_value;
// Water systems component
let water_value = (metrics.water_quality_index as u64)
* (metrics.watershed_area_hectares)
* Self::valuation_coefficients(MetricType::WaterQuality);
capacity += water_value / 100;
// Social impact multiplier
let social_multiplier = 1000 + (metrics.jobs_created as u64 * 10);
capacity = capacity * social_multiplier / 1000;
Ok(capacity.into())
}
}Oracle Network Topology
/// Decentralized oracle network with redundancy
pub struct OracleNetworkTopology {
// Primary oracle tier (high-reputation, specialized)
primary_oracles: Vec<OracleNode>,
// Secondary oracle tier (cross-validation)
secondary_oracles: Vec<OracleNode>,
// Data source integrations
satellite_imagery_apis: Vec<RemoteSensingAPI>,
iot_sensor_networks: Vec<IoTNetwork>,
field_verification_teams: Vec<FieldTeam>,
// Consensus mechanism
consensus_protocol: ConsensusProtocol,
}
pub struct RemoteSensingAPI {
provider: ApiProvider, // e.g., Planet Labs, Sentinel Hub
api_endpoint: String,
data_types: Vec<RemoteSensingDataType>,
}
pub enum RemoteSensingDataType {
NDVI, // Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
LAI, // Leaf Area Index
LandCover,
SoilMoisture,
Biomass,
}
pub struct IoTNetwork {
network_id: NetworkId,
sensor_locations: Vec<GeoCoordinate>,
sensor_types: Vec<SensorType>,
data_frequency: Duration,
}
pub enum SensorType {
SoilMoisture,
SoilPH,
AirQuality,
WaterQuality,
Temperature,
BiodiversityAcoustic,
}
impl OracleNetworkTopology {
/// Aggregate data from multiple sources
pub async fn aggregate_ecological_data(
&self,
project_id: ProjectId,
time_range: TimeRange,
) -> Result<EcologicalMetrics, Error> {
// Fetch satellite imagery data
let remote_sensing_data = self.fetch_remote_sensing_data(
project_id,
time_range,
).await?;
// Fetch IoT sensor data
let iot_data = self.fetch_iot_data(
project_id,
time_range,
).await?;
// Request field verification
let field_data = self.request_field_verification(
project_id,
).await?;
// Combine data sources with confidence weighting
let combined_metrics = self.combine_data_sources(
remote_sensing_data,
iot_data,
field_data,
)?;
Ok(combined_metrics)
}
/// Machine learning model for data fusion
fn combine_data_sources(
&self,
remote: RemoteSensingData,
iot: IoTData,
field: FieldData,
) -> Result<EcologicalMetrics, Error> {
// Use trained ML model to fuse heterogeneous data
let carbon_estimate = self.estimate_carbon_sequestration(
&remote.ndvi_timeseries,
&iot.soil_carbon_readings,
&field.biomass_measurements,
)?;
let biodiversity_score = self.estimate_biodiversity(
&remote.land_cover_classification,
&iot.acoustic_sensors,
&field.species_survey,
)?;
// ... other metrics
Ok(EcologicalMetrics {
carbon_sequestered_tonnes: carbon_estimate,
biodiversity_score,
// ... remaining fields
})
}
}Integration with External Data Sources
# docker-compose-oracles.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
# Satellite imagery processor
remote-sensing-processor:
image: cryptosaint/remote-sensing-processor:latest
environment:
- PLANET_API_KEY=${PLANET_API_KEY}
- SENTINEL_HUB_CLIENT_ID=${SENTINEL_CLIENT_ID}
- GEE_SERVICE_ACCOUNT=${GEE_SERVICE_ACCOUNT}
volumes:
- ./models:/models
- ./data/imagery:/data
networks:
- oracle-network
# IoT data aggregator
iot-aggregator:
image: cryptosaint/iot-aggregator:latest
environment:
- MQTT_BROKER=mqtt://iot-broker:1883
- INFLUXDB_URL=http://influxdb:8086
depends_on:
- influxdb
- mqtt-broker
networks:
- oracle-network
# Machine learning inference service
ml-inference:
image: cryptosaint/ml-inference:latest
deploy:
resources:
reservations:
devices:
- driver: nvidia
count: 1
capabilities: [gpu]
volumes:
- ./models/carbon-estimation:/models/carbon
- ./models/biodiversity:/models/biodiversity
environment:
- MODEL_CARBON=/models/carbon/model.onnx
- MODEL_BIODIVERSITY=/models/biodiversity/model.onnx
networks:
- oracle-network
# IPFS node for storing verification data
ipfs-node:
image: ipfs/go-ipfs:latest
volumes:
- ipfs-data:/data/ipfs
ports:
- "4001:4001"
- "5001:5001"
- "8080:8080"
networks:
- oracle-network
# Time-series database for sensor data
influxdb:
image: influxdb:2.7
volumes:
- influxdb-data:/var/lib/influxdb2
environment:
- INFLUXDB_DB=ecological_metrics
- INFLUXDB_ADMIN_TOKEN=${INFLUXDB_TOKEN}
networks:
- oracle-network
# MQTT broker for IoT devices
mqtt-broker:
image: eclipse-mosquitto:latest
volumes:
- ./mqtt/config:/mosquitto/config
- mqtt-data:/mosquitto/data
networks:
- oracle-network
networks:
oracle-network:
driver: bridge
volumes:
ipfs-data:
influxdb-data:
mqtt-data:Path 2: Zero-Knowledge Proof Circuits for Private Credit Verification
The Challenge
Contributors want to prove they have sufficient credit capacity to bridge without revealing:
Their exact reputation score
Their complete contribution history
The specific ecological projects they’re involved in
Their bioregional attestations
ZK-SNARK Circuit Architecture
// Use arkworks for zk-SNARKs
use ark_crypto_primitives::{
snark::{SNARK, CircuitSpecificSetupSNARK},
crh::{TwoToOneCRH, CRH},
};
use ark_ff::PrimeField;
use ark_relations::{
lc,
r1cs::{ConstraintSynthesizer, ConstraintSystemRef, SynthesisError},
};
use ark_std::rand::Rng;
/// Credit capacity proof circuit
/// Proves: "I have credit capacity >= threshold" without revealing exact amount
pub struct CreditCapacityCircuit<F: PrimeField> {
// Private inputs (witness)
reputation_score: Option<F>,
ecological_metrics: Option<Vec<F>>,
contribution_history: Option<Vec<F>>,
bioregional_attestations: Option<Vec<F>>,
// Public inputs
pub threshold: F,
pub credit_capacity_commitment: F, // Pedersen commitment
pub merkle_root: F, // Root of reputation tree
}
impl<F: PrimeField> ConstraintSynthesizer<F> for CreditCapacityCircuit<F> {
fn generate_constraints(
self,
cs: ConstraintSystemRef<F>,
) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
// Allocate private witness variables
let reputation = cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
self.reputation_score.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
})?;
let eco_metrics: Vec<_> = self.ecological_metrics
.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?
.iter()
.map(|&m| cs.new_witness_variable(|| Ok(m)))
.collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;
// Allocate public input variables
let threshold_var = cs.new_input_variable(|| Ok(self.threshold))?;
let commitment_var = cs.new_input_variable(|| Ok(self.credit_capacity_commitment))?;
let merkle_root_var = cs.new_input_variable(|| Ok(self.merkle_root))?;
// Constraint 1: Verify reputation is in valid range (0-1000)
// reputation >= 0 (implicit from field)
// reputation <= 1000
cs.enforce_constraint(
lc!() + reputation,
lc!() + Variable::One,
lc!() + (F::from(1000u64), Variable::One),
)?;
// Constraint 2: Calculate credit capacity from inputs
// capacity = reputation_factor * eco_factor * contribution_factor
// Reputation factor: reputation / 1000 (normalized 0-1)
let reputation_factor = cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
let rep = self.reputation_score.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?;
Ok(rep * F::from(1000u64).inverse().unwrap())
})?;
cs.enforce_constraint(
lc!() + (F::from(1000u64), reputation_factor),
lc!() + Variable::One,
lc!() + reputation,
)?;
// Ecological factor: sum of weighted metrics
let mut eco_sum = lc!();
for (i, &metric_var) in eco_metrics.iter().enumerate() {
let weight = F::from((i + 1) as u64); // Example weights
eco_sum = eco_sum + (weight, metric_var);
}
let eco_factor = cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
let metrics = self.ecological_metrics
.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?;
let sum: F = metrics.iter()
.enumerate()
.map(|(i, &m)| m * F::from((i + 1) as u64))
.sum();
Ok(sum)
})?;
cs.enforce_constraint(
lc!() + eco_factor,
lc!() + Variable::One,
eco_sum,
)?;
// Constraint 3: capacity >= threshold
// We prove: capacity - threshold >= 0
let capacity = cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
// Calculate actual capacity from witness
let rep = self.reputation_score.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?;
let eco: F = self.ecological_metrics
.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?
.iter()
.enumerate()
.map(|(i, &m)| m * F::from((i + 1) as u64))
.sum();
// Simplified capacity calculation
Ok(rep * eco)
})?;
// Prove capacity >= threshold
// This requires range proof - capacity - threshold is non-negative
let diff = cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
let cap = self.reputation_score.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?
* self.ecological_metrics
.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?
.iter()
.sum::<F>();
Ok(cap - self.threshold)
})?;
cs.enforce_constraint(
lc!() + capacity,
lc!() + Variable::One,
lc!() + diff + threshold_var,
)?;
// Range proof for diff >= 0 (using bit decomposition)
self.range_proof(cs.clone(), diff, 64)?;
// Constraint 4: Verify Pedersen commitment
// commitment = g^capacity * h^randomness
let randomness = cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
Ok(F::rand(&mut ark_std::test_rng()))
})?;
// This would use Pedersen hash gadget in practice
// For now, simplified constraint
cs.enforce_constraint(
lc!() + commitment_var,
lc!() + Variable::One,
lc!() + capacity + randomness,
)?;
// Constraint 5: Verify membership in reputation Merkle tree
self.verify_merkle_path(
cs.clone(),
reputation,
merkle_root_var,
)?;
Ok(())
}
}
impl<F: PrimeField> CreditCapacityCircuit<F> {
/// Range proof gadget: proves value fits in n bits (is non-negative)
fn range_proof(
&self,
cs: ConstraintSystemRef<F>,
value: Variable,
num_bits: usize,
) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
// Decompose value into bits
let bits: Vec<Variable> = (0..num_bits)
.map(|i| {
cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
// Extract bit i from value
Ok(F::from((/* extract bit */ 0u64)))
})
})
.collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;
// Constrain each bit to be 0 or 1
for &bit in &bits {
// bit * (1 - bit) == 0
cs.enforce_constraint(
lc!() + bit,
lc!() + Variable::One - bit,
lc!(),
)?;
}
// Constrain sum of bits equals value
let mut sum = lc!();
for (i, &bit) in bits.iter().enumerate() {
let coeff = F::from(2u64).pow(&[i as u64]);
sum = sum + (coeff, bit);
}
cs.enforce_constraint(
lc!() + value,
lc!() + Variable::One,
sum,
)?;
Ok(())
}
/// Merkle path verification gadget
fn verify_merkle_path(
&self,
cs: ConstraintSystemRef<F>,
leaf: Variable,
root: Variable,
) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
// Simplified - would use Poseidon hash in practice
// Verifies that leaf is in tree with given root
// This would iterate through merkle path
// For each level: hash(current, sibling) = parent
// Placeholder constraint
cs.enforce_constraint(
lc!() + leaf,
lc!() + Variable::One,
lc!() + root,
)?;
Ok(())
}
}
/// Proof generation for bridge transactions
pub struct CreditProofGenerator {
proving_key: ProvingKey,
verification_key: VerificationKey,
}
impl CreditProofGenerator {
/// Generate proof of credit capacity
pub fn prove_credit_capacity<R: Rng>(
&self,
rng: &mut R,
reputation_score: u64,
ecological_metrics: Vec<u64>,
threshold: u64,
) -> Result<Proof, Error> {
// Convert to field elements
let reputation = F::from(reputation_score);
let metrics: Vec<F> = ecological_metrics
.iter()
.map(|&m| F::from(m))
.collect();
let threshold_f = F::from(threshold);
// Generate Pedersen commitment
let (commitment, randomness) = self.commit_to_capacity(
reputation,
&metrics,
rng,
)?;
// Get Merkle path for reputation
let merkle_root = self.get_reputation_tree_root();
// Create circuit instance
let circuit = CreditCapacityCircuit {
reputation_score: Some(reputation),
ecological_metrics: Some(metrics),
contribution_history: Some(vec![]), // Fill from storage
bioregional_attestations: Some(vec![]),
threshold: threshold_f,
credit_capacity_commitment: commitment,
merkle_root,
};
// Generate proof
let proof = Groth16::prove(&self.proving_key, circuit, rng)?;
Ok(proof)
}
/// Verify proof on-chain (cheap!)
pub fn verify_proof(
&self,
proof: &Proof,
public_inputs: &[F],
) -> Result<bool, Error> {
Groth16::verify(&self.verification_key, public_inputs, proof)
}
}Privacy-Preserving Bridge Transaction Flow
/// Bridge transaction with ZK proofs
pub struct PrivateBridgeTransaction {
// Public info
pub sender_commitment: CommitmentHash,
pub amount_commitment: CommitmentHash,
pub target_currency: BricsCurrency,
pub recipient: BricsPayAddress,
// ZK proofs
pub credit_capacity_proof: Proof,
pub reputation_membership_proof: Proof,
pub ecological_backing_proof: Proof,
// Nullifier (prevents double-spending)
pub nullifier: Nullifier,
}
impl PrivateBridgeTransaction {
/// Create private bridge transaction
pub fn create<R: Rng>(
rng: &mut R,
credit: &ContributionCredit,
amount: Balance,
target_currency: BricsCurrency,
recipient: BricsPayAddress,
) -> Result<Self, Error> {
// Generate commitments
let sender_commitment = commit_to_account(
&credit.holder,
rng,
)?;
let amount_commitment = commit_to_amount(
amount,
rng,
)?;
// Generate proofs
let proof_generator = CreditProofGenerator::new();
let credit_capacity_proof = proof_generator.prove_credit_capacity(
rng,
credit.reputation_score,
extract_ecological_metrics(credit),
amount, // Prove capacity >= amount
)?;
let reputation_proof = proof_generator.prove_reputation_membership(
rng,
credit.reputation_score,
)?;
let ecological_proof = proof_generator.prove_ecological_backing(
rng,
&credit.ecological_impact,
amount,
)?;
// Generate nullifier to prevent double-spending
let nullifier = generate_nullifier(
&credit.holder,
&credit.mutual_credit_balance,
rng,
)?;
Ok(Self {
sender_commitment,
amount_commitment,
target_currency,
recipient,
credit_capacity_proof,
reputation_membership_proof: reputation_proof,
ecological_backing_proof: ecological_proof,
nullifier,
})
}
/// Verify transaction without revealing private data
pub fn verify(&self) -> Result<bool, Error> {
// Verify all ZK proofs
let capacity_valid = verify_credit_capacity_proof(
&self.credit_capacity_proof,
&self.sender_commitment,
&self.amount_commitment,
)?;
let reputation_valid = verify_reputation_proof(
&self.reputation_membership_proof,
&self.sender_commitment,
)?;
let ecological_valid = verify_ecological_proof(
&self.ecological_backing_proof,
&self.amount_commitment,
)?;
// Check nullifier hasn't been used
let nullifier_fresh = !is_nullifier_spent(&self.nullifier)?;
Ok(capacity_valid && reputation_valid && ecological_valid && nullifier_fresh)
}
}I’ll now develop the final two technical paths for your regenerative credit bridge system.
Path 3: Economic Game Theory of Liquidity Provision
The Core Challenge
Your system has asymmetric value flows: CryptoSaint credits are contribution-based (non-extractive) while BRICS Pay requires fiat currency liquidity. Liquidity providers (LPs) must be incentivized to bridge this gap without undermining regenerative principles.
Game-Theoretic Model
Players
Contribution Credit Holders - Want to convert ecological value to currency
Liquidity Providers - Stake BRICS currencies, earn fees
Bridge Validators - Operate infrastructure, validate attestations
Oracle Providers - Attest to ecological metrics
Speculators - May try to arbitrage or extract value
Strategy Space
/// Core game-theoretic primitives
use sp_runtime::{Perbill, Permill};
use frame_support::traits::Get;
/// LP strategy types
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub enum LPStrategy {
/// Passive: Provide liquidity, collect fees
PassiveFarming {
capital: Balance,
duration: BlockNumber,
},
/// Active: Dynamically adjust positions based on volatility
ActiveMarketMaking {
capital: Balance,
rebalance_frequency: BlockNumber,
risk_tolerance: Perbill,
},
/// Altruistic: Accept lower returns to support regenerative projects
RegenerativeFocus {
capital: Balance,
preferred_bioregions: Vec<BioregionId>,
min_ecological_score: u32,
},
/// Extractive: Maximize short-term profit
ExtractiveFocus {
capital: Balance,
max_exposure_time: BlockNumber,
},
}
/// Payoff structure for LPs
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct LPPayoff {
// Direct financial returns
pub trading_fees: Balance,
pub bridge_fees: Balance,
pub slippage_capture: Balance,
// Opportunity cost
pub capital_locked: Balance,
pub alternative_yield: Perbill, // What they could earn elsewhere
// Reputation/social returns
pub reputation_gain: u64,
pub ecological_impact_credit: Balance,
// Risks
pub impermanent_loss: Balance,
pub smart_contract_risk: Perbill,
pub oracle_failure_risk: Perbill,
}
impl LPPayoff {
/// Calculate net utility for LP
pub fn net_utility(&self, lp_preferences: &LPPreferences) -> i128 {
let financial = (self.trading_fees
+ self.bridge_fees
+ self.slippage_capture) as i128
- (self.impermanent_loss as i128);
let opportunity_cost = -(self.capital_locked as i128)
* (self.alternative_yield.deconstruct() as i128)
/ 1_000_000;
let reputation_value = (self.reputation_gain as i128)
* (lp_preferences.reputation_weight as i128);
let ecological_value = (self.ecological_impact_credit as i128)
* (lp_preferences.ecological_weight as i128);
// Risk-adjusted return
let risk_penalty = (financial as i128)
* (self.smart_contract_risk.deconstruct() as i128
+ self.oracle_failure_risk.deconstruct() as i128)
/ 1_000_000;
financial + reputation_value + ecological_value
+ opportunity_cost - risk_penalty
}
}
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct LPPreferences {
/// How much LP values reputation (0-1000)
pub reputation_weight: u32,
/// How much LP values ecological impact (0-1000)
pub ecological_weight: u32,
/// Risk aversion (0 = risk-neutral, 1000 = very risk-averse)
pub risk_aversion: u32,
/// Time horizon (blocks)
pub investment_horizon: BlockNumber,
}Nash Equilibrium Analysis
Scenario 1: Pure Competition (No Cooperation)
/// Model competitive equilibrium
pub struct CompetitiveEquilibrium {
pub num_lps: u32,
pub total_liquidity: Balance,
pub average_fee_rate: Perbill,
pub market_clearing_rate: Perbill,
}
impl CompetitiveEquilibrium {
/// Calculate Nash equilibrium fee rate
pub fn calculate_equilibrium(
demand_curve: &DemandCurve,
supply_curve: &SupplyCurve,
) -> Result<Self, Error> {
// In pure competition, LPs compete on fees until profit → 0
// Equilibrium: fee_rate = marginal_cost + risk_premium
let marginal_cost = supply_curve.calculate_marginal_cost();
let risk_premium = supply_curve.calculate_risk_premium();
let equilibrium_fee = marginal_cost + risk_premium;
// At this fee, demand = supply
let equilibrium_volume = demand_curve.quantity_at_price(equilibrium_fee);
let num_lps = supply_curve.lps_at_volume(equilibrium_volume);
Ok(Self {
num_lps,
total_liquidity: equilibrium_volume,
average_fee_rate: equilibrium_fee,
market_clearing_rate: equilibrium_fee,
})
}
/// This is unstable - race to bottom on fees
pub fn is_sustainable(&self) -> bool {
// If fees < cost + risk, LPs exit
// System breaks down
self.average_fee_rate.deconstruct() >= 1000 // 0.1% minimum
}
}Problem: Pure competition leads to unsustainably low fees, LPs exit, bridge fails.
Scenario 2: Coordinated Liquidity Provision
/// Cooperative LP mechanism
pub struct CooperativeLiquidityPool {
// DAO-governed parameters
pub min_fee_rate: Perbill,
pub max_fee_rate: Perbill,
pub target_utilization: Perbill, // 80% ideal
// Dynamic fee adjustment
pub fee_adjustment_curve: FeeAdjustmentCurve,
// Reputation-weighted governance
pub governance_token: GovernanceToken,
}
impl CooperativeLiquidityPool {
/// Calculate optimal fee using AMM-style curve
pub fn calculate_dynamic_fee(
&self,
utilization_rate: Perbill,
) -> Perbill {
// Fee increases with utilization to prevent exhaustion
// f(u) = min_fee + (max_fee - min_fee) * (u / target)^2
let utilization = utilization_rate.deconstruct() as u128;
let target = self.target_utilization.deconstruct() as u128;
if utilization <= target {
// Below target: linear increase
let range = self.max_fee_rate.deconstruct() as u128
- self.min_fee_rate.deconstruct() as u128;
let fee = self.min_fee_rate.deconstruct() as u128
+ (range * utilization / target);
Perbill::from_parts(fee as u32)
} else {
// Above target: exponential increase
let excess = utilization - target;
let range = self.max_fee_rate.deconstruct() as u128
- self.min_fee_rate.deconstruct() as u128;
let fee = self.min_fee_rate.deconstruct() as u128
+ range + (range * excess * excess / (target * target));
Perbill::from_parts(fee.min(1_000_000) as u32)
}
}
/// Distribute fees based on contribution AND reputation
pub fn distribute_fees(
&mut self,
total_fees: Balance,
lps: &[(AccountId, LPPosition)],
) -> Result<(), Error> {
let mut weighted_stakes = Vec::new();
let mut total_weight = 0u128;
for (lp_id, position) in lps {
// Weight = liquidity * reputation_multiplier * time_factor
let reputation = Self::get_reputation(lp_id)?;
let time_factor = self.calculate_time_bonus(position);
let weight = (position.liquidity as u128)
* (reputation as u128)
* (time_factor as u128)
/ 1_000_000;
weighted_stakes.push((lp_id.clone(), weight));
total_weight += weight;
}
// Distribute proportionally
for (lp_id, weight) in weighted_stakes {
let share = (total_fees as u128) * weight / total_weight;
Self::credit_lp_account(&lp_id, share as Balance)?;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Time-weighted bonus for long-term LPs
fn calculate_time_bonus(&self, position: &LPPosition) -> u32 {
let duration = current_block() - position.entry_block;
// Bonus increases with time, caps at 2x after 1 year
let year_blocks = 5_256_000u64; // ~1 year at 6s blocks
let bonus = 1000 + (duration as u64).min(year_blocks) * 1000 / year_blocks;
bonus as u32
}
}Mechanism Design: Incentive-Compatible LP System
Key Innovation: Regenerative Staking
/// LPs can stake in "Regenerative Pools" for higher returns
pub struct RegenerativeStakingPool {
// Standard liquidity provision
pub base_liquidity: Balance,
pub base_fee_rate: Perbill,
// Regenerative enhancement
pub ecological_multiplier: Perbill, // 1.5x fees for eco-focused LPs
pub locked_period: BlockNumber, // Must lock for 6 months
pub min_reputation_score: u64, // Only high-reputation LPs
// Impact tracking
pub funded_projects: Vec<ProjectId>,
pub ecological_impact_generated: EcologicalMetrics,
}
impl RegenerativeStakingPool {
/// Enhanced payoff for regenerative LPs
pub fn calculate_regenerative_payoff(
&self,
base_fees: Balance,
lp_position: &LPPosition,
) -> LPPayoff {
// Base financial return
let enhanced_fees = (base_fees as u128)
* (self.ecological_multiplier.deconstruct() as u128)
/ 1_000_000;
// Reputation gain from supporting regeneration
let reputation_gain = self.calculate_reputation_increase(lp_position);
// Ecological credits (tradeable)
let eco_credits = self.calculate_ecological_credits(lp_position);
LPPayoff {
trading_fees: enhanced_fees as Balance,
bridge_fees: enhanced_fees as Balance,
reputation_gain,
ecological_impact_credit: eco_credits,
..Default::default()
}
}
/// Reputation increases based on impact of funded projects
fn calculate_reputation_increase(&self, position: &LPPosition) -> u64 {
let mut reputation_delta = 0u64;
for project_id in &self.funded_projects {
if let Some(impact) = Self::get_project_impact(project_id) {
// LP shares credit proportional to their stake
let lp_share = (position.liquidity as u128)
/ (self.base_liquidity as u128);
let project_reputation = (impact.reputation_value() as u128)
* lp_share
/ 1_000_000;
reputation_delta += project_reputation as u64;
}
}
reputation_delta
}
}Preventing Extractive Behavior
Sybil Resistance via Staked Reputation
/// Anti-sybil mechanism for LPs
pub struct StakedReputationSystem {
pub min_reputation_stake: Balance,
pub reputation_decay_rate: Perbill,
pub slashing_conditions: Vec<SlashingCondition>,
}
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub enum SlashingCondition {
/// LP exits during critical liquidity shortage
AbandonmentSlash {
threshold_utilization: Perbill,
slash_percent: Perbill,
},
/// LP manipulates oracle data
OracleManipulationSlash {
evidence_threshold: u32,
slash_percent: Perbill,
},
/// LP front-runs bridge transactions
FrontRunningSlash {
mev_threshold: Balance,
slash_percent: Perbill,
},
/// LP provides liquidity to extractive actors
ExtractionSupportSlash {
extractive_score_threshold: u32,
slash_percent: Perbill,
},
}
impl StakedReputationSystem {
/// Check if LP behavior warrants slashing
pub fn evaluate_lp_behavior(
&self,
lp: &AccountId,
action: &LPAction,
context: &MarketContext,
) -> Result<Option<SlashingEvent>, Error> {
for condition in &self.slashing_conditions {
match condition {
SlashingCondition::AbandonmentSlash { threshold_utilization, slash_percent } => {
if let LPAction::WithdrawLiquidity(amount) = action {
if context.current_utilization >= *threshold_utilization {
// LP is abandoning during crisis
let penalty = (*amount as u128)
* (slash_percent.deconstruct() as u128)
/ 1_000_000;
return Ok(Some(SlashingEvent {
lp: lp.clone(),
amount: penalty as Balance,
reason: "Abandonment during liquidity crisis".into(),
}));
}
}
}
SlashingCondition::FrontRunningSlash { mev_threshold, slash_percent } => {
if Self::detect_front_running(lp, action, context)? > *mev_threshold {
// LP is extracting MEV
let stake = Self::get_lp_stake(lp)?;
let penalty = (stake as u128)
* (slash_percent.deconstruct() as u128)
/ 1_000_000;
return Ok(Some(SlashingEvent {
lp: lp.clone(),
amount: penalty as Balance,
reason: "Front-running detected".into(),
}));
}
}
_ => { /* Check other conditions */ }
}
}
Ok(None)
}
}Optimal Liquidity Provisioning Strategy
Multi-Agent Simulation
/// Simulate LP strategies to find optimal behavior
pub struct LiquiditySimulation {
pub agents: Vec<SimulatedLP>,
pub market_params: MarketParameters,
pub simulation_rounds: u32,
}
pub struct SimulatedLP {
pub strategy: LPStrategy,
pub capital: Balance,
pub reputation: u64,
pub accumulated_payoff: i128,
}
impl LiquiditySimulation {
/// Run evolutionary game theory simulation
pub fn run_simulation(&mut self) -> SimulationResults {
let mut results = SimulationResults::new();
for round in 0..self.simulation_rounds {
// Each LP chooses action based on strategy
let actions: Vec<_> = self.agents
.iter()
.map(|lp| lp.choose_action(&self.market_params))
.collect();
// Market responds to aggregate behavior
let market_state = self.market_params.evolve(&actions);
// Calculate payoffs
for (i, lp) in self.agents.iter_mut().enumerate() {
let payoff = self.calculate_payoff(
lp,
&actions[i],
&market_state,
);
lp.accumulated_payoff += payoff;
}
// LPs adapt strategies (learning)
self.evolve_strategies(&market_state);
results.record_round(round, &self.agents, &market_state);
}
results
}
/// LPs learn and adapt strategies
fn evolve_strategies(&mut self, market_state: &MarketState) {
// Replicate successful strategies (evolutionary dynamics)
let avg_payoff: i128 = self.agents
.iter()
.map(|lp| lp.accumulated_payoff)
.sum::<i128>() / (self.agents.len() as i128);
for lp in self.agents.iter_mut() {
if lp.accumulated_payoff < avg_payoff {
// Below average: consider switching strategy
if rand::random::<f64>() < 0.1 {
lp.strategy = self.select_better_strategy(market_state);
}
}
}
}
fn select_better_strategy(&self, market: &MarketState) -> LPStrategy {
// Find highest-performing strategy in current market
let best_strategy = self.agents
.iter()
.max_by_key(|lp| lp.accumulated_payoff)
.map(|lp| lp.strategy.clone())
.unwrap();
// Add some mutation/exploration
self.mutate_strategy(best_strategy, market)
}
}
/// Results show which strategies dominate
pub struct SimulationResults {
pub dominant_strategy: LPStrategy,
pub equilibrium_fee_rate: Perbill,
pub total_liquidity: Balance,
pub system_stability: f64, // 0-1
pub regenerative_impact: EcologicalMetrics,
}
impl SimulationResults {
pub fn optimal_mechanism_design(&self) -> MechanismParameters {
// Based on simulation, design mechanism that:
// 1. Attracts sufficient liquidity
// 2. Prevents extractive behavior
// 3. Rewards regenerative focus
// 4. Maintains stability
MechanismParameters {
min_fee_rate: self.calculate_sustainable_min_fee(),
regenerative_bonus: self.calculate_optimal_bonus(),
slashing_severity: self.calculate_optimal_slashing(),
reputation_weight: self.calculate_reputation_importance(),
}
}
}Dynamic Fee Mechanism
/// Adaptive fee mechanism responding to market conditions
pub struct AdaptiveFeeController {
// Current state
pub current_fee: Perbill,
pub target_utilization: Perbill,
pub utilization_history: Vec<(BlockNumber, Perbill)>,
// Control parameters
pub adjustment_speed: Perbill, // How fast fees adjust
pub sensitivity: Perbill, // How responsive to utilization changes
}
impl AdaptiveFeeController {
/// PID controller for fee adjustment
pub fn update_fee(&mut self, current_utilization: Perbill) -> Perbill {
// Proportional term: distance from target
let error = (current_utilization.deconstruct() as i64)
- (self.target_utilization.deconstruct() as i64);
let proportional = error;
// Integral term: accumulated error
let integral = self.utilization_history
.iter()
.map(|(_, u)| {
(u.deconstruct() as i64) - (self.target_utilization.deconstruct() as i64)
})
.sum::<i64>();
// Derivative term: rate of change
let derivative = if self.utilization_history.len() >= 2 {
let recent = self.utilization_history.last().unwrap().1.deconstruct() as i64;
let previous = self.utilization_history[self.utilization_history.len() - 2].1.deconstruct() as i64;
recent - previous
} else {
0
};
// PID formula
let adjustment = (proportional * 100 + integral / 10 + derivative * 50) / 1000;
// Apply adjustment
let new_fee = (self.current_fee.deconstruct() as i64 + adjustment)
.max(100) // 0.01% minimum
.min(100_000) as u32; // 10% maximum
self.current_fee = Perbill::from_parts(new_fee);
self.utilization_history.push((current_block(), current_utilization));
self.current_fee
}
}Impermanent Loss Protection
/// Protect LPs from impermanent loss
pub struct ImpermanentLossInsurance {
pub insurance_fund: Balance,
pub coverage_ratio: Perbill, // % of IL covered
}
impl ImpermanentLossInsurance {
/// Calculate impermanent loss for an LP position
pub fn calculate_impermanent_loss(
&self,
entry_price: Price,
current_price: Price,
liquidity: Balance,
) -> Balance {
// IL = 2 * sqrt(price_ratio) / (1 + price_ratio) - 1
let ratio = (current_price.0 as f64) / (entry_price.0 as f64);
let sqrt_ratio = ratio.sqrt();
let il_percent = 2.0 * sqrt_ratio / (1.0 + ratio) - 1.0;
// Convert to absolute loss
let loss = (liquidity as f64) * il_percent.abs();
loss as Balance
}
/// Compensate LP for impermanent loss
pub fn compensate_il(
&mut self,
lp: &AccountId,
il_amount: Balance,
) -> Result<Balance, Error> {
let compensation = (il_amount as u128)
* (self.coverage_ratio.deconstruct() as u128)
/ 1_000_000;
ensure!(
compensation <= self.insurance_fund as u128,
Error::InsufficientInsuranceFund
);
self.insurance_fund -= compensation as Balance;
Self::credit_account(lp, compensation as Balance)?;
Ok(compensation as Balance)
}
}Path 4: Smart Contract Security Patterns for Cross-Chain Atomic Swaps
Threat Model
Attack Vectors
Timing Attacks: Exploiting time-lock differences between chains
Oracle Manipulation: Feeding false ecological data
Front-Running: MEV extraction from bridge transactions
Replay Attacks: Reusing proofs across chains
Collateral Manipulation: Under-collateralizing positions
Reentrancy: Classic attack on swap execution
DoS: Blocking legitimate swaps
Secure HTLC Implementation
// pallets/atomic-swap/src/lib.rs
use frame_support::{
decl_module, decl_storage, decl_event, decl_error,
traits::{Currency, ReservableCurrency, ExistenceRequirement},
ensure,
};
use sp_runtime::traits::{Hash, CheckedSub, CheckedAdd};
use sp_std::prelude::*;
type BalanceOf<T> = <<T as Config>::Currency as Currency<<T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId>>::Balance;
/// Secure atomic swap state
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct AtomicSwap<AccountId, Balance, BlockNumber, Hash> {
pub swap_id: Hash,
pub initiator: AccountId,
pub participant: AccountId,
// Locked assets
pub cryptosaint_amount: Balance,
pub brics_amount: Balance,
pub brics_currency: BricsCurrency,
// Security parameters
pub hash_lock: Hash,
pub time_lock: BlockNumber,
pub created_at: BlockNumber,
// State
pub state: SwapState,
pub secret_revealed: Option<Vec<u8>>,
// Anti-replay
pub nonce: u64,
pub chain_id: u32,
// Collateral
pub collateral_locked: Balance,
pub collateral_hash: Hash,
}
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub enum SwapState {
Initiated,
SecretRevealed,
Completed,
Refunded,
Cancelled,
}
decl_storage! {
trait Store for Module<T: Config> as AtomicSwap {
/// Active swaps by ID
Swaps get(fn swaps):
map hasher(blake2_128_concat) T::Hash =>
Option<AtomicSwap<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>, BlockNumber, T::Hash>>;
/// Used secrets (prevent replay)
UsedSecrets get(fn used_secrets):
map hasher(blake2_128_concat) T::Hash => bool;
/// Swap nonce per account (prevent replay)
SwapNonces get(fn swap_nonces):
map hasher(blake2_128_concat) T::AccountId => u64;
/// Emergency pause flag
EmergencyPaused get(fn emergency_paused): bool;
/// Minimum time lock duration (prevent griefing)
MinTimeLock get(fn min_time_lock): BlockNumber;
/// Maximum time lock duration (prevent DoS)
MaxTimeLock get(fn max_time_lock): BlockNumber;
}
}
decl_event!(
pub enum Event<T> where
AccountId = <T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId,
Balance = BalanceOf<T>,
Hash = <T as frame_system::Config>::Hash,
{
/// Swap initiated [swap_id, initiator, participant]
SwapInitiated(Hash, AccountId, AccountId),
/// Secret revealed [swap_id, secret_hash]
SecretRevealed(Hash, Hash),
/// Swap completed [swap_id]
SwapCompleted(Hash),
/// Swap refunded [swap_id]
SwapRefunded(Hash),
/// Emergency pause activated
EmergencyPauseActivated,
}
);
decl_error! {
pub enum Error for Module<T: Config> {
/// Swap already exists
SwapAlreadyExists,
/// Swap not found
SwapNotFound,
/// Invalid time lock
InvalidTimeLock,
/// Time lock not expired
TimeLockNotExpired,
/// Time lock expired
TimeLockExpired,
/// Invalid secret
InvalidSecret,
/// Secret already used
SecretAlreadyUsed,
/// Invalid state transition
InvalidStateTransition,
/// Insufficient balance
InsufficientBalance,
/// System paused
SystemPaused,
/// Replay attack detected
ReplayAttackDetected,
/// Collateral insufficient
InsufficientCollateral,
}
}
decl_module! {
pub struct Module<T: Config> for enum Call where origin: T::Origin {
type Error = Error<T>;
fn deposit_event() = default;
/// Initiate atomic swap with security checks
#[weight = 100_000]
pub fn initiate_swap(
origin,
participant: T::AccountId,
hash_lock: T::Hash,
time_lock: BlockNumber,
cryptosaint_amount: BalanceOf<T>,
brics_amount: BalanceOf<T>,
brics_currency: BricsCurrency,
collateral_amount: BalanceOf<T>,
) -> DispatchResult {
let initiator = ensure_signed(origin)?;
// Security check: system not paused
ensure!(!Self::emergency_paused(), Error::<T>::SystemPaused);
// Security check: valid time lock range
let current_block = <frame_system::Pallet<T>>::block_number();
ensure!(
time_lock > current_block + Self::min_time_lock(),
Error::<T>::InvalidTimeLock
);
ensure!(
time_lock < current_block + Self::max_time_lock(),
Error::<T>::InvalidTimeLock
);
// Security check: sufficient collateral
let required_collateral = Self::calculate_required_collateral(
cryptosaint_amount,
brics_amount,
)?;
ensure!(
collateral_amount >= required_collateral,
Error::<T>::InsufficientCollateral
);
// Anti-replay: increment nonce
let nonce = Self::swap_nonces(&initiator);
SwapNonces::<T>::insert(&initiator, nonce + 1);
// Generate unique swap ID
let swap_id = T::Hashing::hash_of(&(
&initiator,
&participant,
&hash_lock,
nonce,
T::ChainId::get(),
current_block,
));
// Security check: swap doesn't exist
ensure!(
!Swaps::<T>::contains_key(&swap_id),
Error::<T>::SwapAlreadyExists
);
// Lock CryptoSaint credits (reserve)
T::Currency::reserve(&initiator, cryptosaint_amount)?;
// Lock collateral
T::Currency::reserve(&initiator, collateral_amount)?;
// Create swap
let swap = AtomicSwap {
swap_id: swap_id.clone(),
initiator: initiator.clone(),
participant: participant.clone(),
cryptosaint_amount,
brics_amount,
brics_currency,
hash_lock,
time_lock,
created_at: current_block,
state: SwapState::Initiated,
secret_revealed: None,
nonce,
chain_id: T::ChainId::get(),
collateral_locked: collateral_amount,
collateral_hash: T::Hashing::hash_of(&collateral_amount),
};
Swaps::<T>::insert(&swap_id, swap);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::SwapInitiated(
swap_id,
initiator,
participant,
));
Ok(())
}
/// Reveal secret and claim swap
#[weight = 80_000]
pub fn reveal_secret(
origin,
swap_id: T::Hash,
secret: Vec<u8>,
) -> DispatchResult {
let claimer = ensure_signed(origin)?;
// Get swap
let mut swap = Self::swaps(&swap_id)
.ok_or(Error::<T>::SwapNotFound)?;
// Security check: only participant can claim
ensure!(claimer == swap.participant, Error::<T>::InvalidStateTransition);
// Security check: not expired
let current_block = <frame_system::Pallet<T>>::block_number();
ensure!(
current_block <= swap.time_lock,
Error::<T>::TimeLockExpired
);
// Security check: correct state
ensure!(
swap.state == SwapState::Initiated,
Error::<T>::InvalidStateTransition
);
// Verify secret matches hash lock
let secret_hash = T::Hashing::hash(&secret);
ensure!(
secret_hash == swap.hash_lock,
Error::<T>::InvalidSecret
);
// Anti-replay: check secret not used
ensure!(
!Self::used_secrets(&secret_hash),
Error::<T>::SecretAlreadyUsed
);
// Mark secret as used
UsedSecrets::<T>::insert(&secret_hash, true);
// Update swap state
swap.state = SwapState::SecretRevealed;
swap.secret_revealed = Some(secret.clone());
Swaps::<T>::insert(&swap_id, &swap);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::SecretRevealed(swap_id, secret_hash));
// Execute transfer (non-reentrant)
Self::execute_swap_transfer(&swap)?;
Ok(())
}
/// Refund after time lock expires
#[weight = 60_000]
pub fn refund(
origin,
swap_id: T::Hash,
) -> DispatchResult {
let initiator = ensure_signed(origin)?;
let mut swap = Self::swaps(&swap_id)
.ok_or(Error::<T>::SwapNotFound)?;
// Security check: only initiator can refund
ensure!(initiator == swap.initiator, Error::<T>::InvalidStateTransition);
// Security check: time lock expired
let current_block = <frame_system::Pallet<T>>::block_number();
ensure!(
current_block > swap.time_lock,
Error::<T>::TimeLockNotExpired
);
// Security check: not already completed
ensure!(
swap.state == SwapState::Initiated,
Error::<T>::InvalidStateTransition
);
// Update state
swap.state = SwapState::Refunded;
Swaps::<T>::insert(&swap_id, &swap);
// Unreserve locked amounts
T::Currency::unreserve(&swap.initiator, swap.cryptosaint_amount);
T::Currency::unreserve(&swap.initiator, swap.collateral_locked);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::SwapRefunded(swap_id));
Ok(())
}
/// Emergency pause (governance only)
#[weight = 10_000]
pub fn emergency_pause(origin) -> DispatchResult {
T::EmergencyOrigin::ensure_origin(origin)?;
EmergencyPaused::put(true);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::EmergencyPauseActivated);
Ok(())
}
}
}
impl<T: Config> Module<T> {
/// Execute swap transfer with reentrancy protection
fn execute_swap_transfer(
swap: &AtomicSwap<T::AccountId, BalanceOf<T>, BlockNumber, T::Hash>,
) -> DispatchResult {
// Reentrancy guard: check state again
let current_swap = Self::swaps(&swap.swap_id)
.ok_or(Error::<T>::SwapNotFound)?;
ensure!(
current_swap.state == SwapState::SecretRevealed,
Error::<T>::InvalidStateTransition
);
// Transfer locked amount to participant
T::Currency::unreserve(&swap.initiator, swap.cryptosaint_amount);
T::Currency::transfer(
&swap.initiator,
&swap.participant,
swap.cryptosaint_amount,
ExistenceRequirement::KeepAlive,
)?;
// Return collateral to initiator
T::Currency::unreserve(&swap.initiator, swap.collateral_locked);
// Update final state
let mut final_swap = current_swap;
final_swap.state = SwapState::Completed;
Swaps::<T>::insert(&swap.swap_id, final_swap);
Self::deposit_event(RawEvent::SwapCompleted(swap.swap_id));
Ok(())
}
/// Calculate required collateral based on risk
fn calculate_required_collateral(
cryptosaint_amount: BalanceOf<T>,
brics_amount: BalanceOf<T>,
) -> Result<BalanceOf<T>, DispatchError> {
// Collateral = max(cryptosaint_amount, brics_amount) * 1.5
let max_amount = cryptosaint_amount.max(brics_amount);
let collateral = max_amount
.checked_mul(&150u32.into())
.and_then(|x| x.checked_div(&100u32.into()))
.ok_or(Error::<T>::InsufficientCollateral)?;
Ok(collateral)
}
}Cross-Chain Message Verification
/// Secure cross-chain message passing
pub struct CrossChainMessageVerifier {
// Validator set for each chain
pub chain_validators: HashMap<ChainId, Vec<ValidatorPublicKey>>,
// Minimum signatures required (2/3)
pub signature_threshold: Perbill,
// Message nonces to prevent replay
pub processed_messages: HashMap<MessageHash, BlockNumber>,
}
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct CrossChainMessage {
pub source_chain: ChainId,
pub dest_chain: ChainId,
pub nonce: u64,
pub payload: Vec<u8>,
pub signatures: Vec<ValidatorSignature>,
}
impl CrossChainMessageVerifier {
/// Verify message authenticity
pub fn verify_message(
&self,
message: &CrossChainMessage,
) -> Result<bool, Error> {
// Check 1: Message not replayed
let msg_hash = Self::hash_message(message);
if self.processed_messages.contains_key(&msg_hash) {
return Err(Error::ReplayAttack);
}
// Check 2: Sufficient validator signatures
let validators = self.chain_validators
.get(&message.source_chain)
.ok_or(Error::UnknownChain)?;
let required_sigs = (validators.len() as u128)
* (self.signature_threshold.deconstruct() as u128)
/ 1_000_000;
if (message.signatures.len() as u128) < required_sigs {
return Err(Error::InsufficientSignatures);
}
// Check 3: Verify each signature
let mut valid_sigs = 0;
for sig in &message.signatures {
if Self::verify_signature(&msg_hash, sig, validators)? {
valid_sigs += 1;
}
}
if (valid_sigs as u128) < required_sigs {
return Err(Error::InvalidSignatures);
}
// Mark as processed
self.processed_messages.insert(msg_hash, current_block());
Ok(true)
}
/// Verify individual validator signature
fn verify_signature(
message_hash: &MessageHash,
signature: &ValidatorSignature,
validators: &[ValidatorPublicKey],
) -> Result<bool, Error> {
// Check signer is in validator set
if !validators.contains(&signature.public_key) {
return Ok(false);
}
// Verify cryptographic signature
let valid = sp_io::crypto::sr25519_verify(
&signature.signature,
message_hash.as_ref(),
&signature.public_key,
);
Ok(valid)
}
}MEV Protection
/// Prevent front-running and sandwich attacks
pub struct MEVProtection {
// Transaction ordering commitment
pub commit_reveal_scheme: CommitRevealScheme,
// Fair sequencing service
pub sequencer: FairSequencer,
}
pub struct CommitRevealScheme {
pub commitments: HashMap<CommitmentHash, Commitment>,
pub reveal_period: BlockNumber,
}
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub struct Commitment {
pub committer: AccountId,
pub commitment_hash: Hash,
pub committed_at: BlockNumber,
pub revealed: bool,
}
impl CommitRevealScheme {
/// User commits to swap parameters
pub fn commit(
&mut self,
user: AccountId,
swap_params_hash: Hash,
) -> Result<CommitmentHash, Error> {
let commitment = Commitment {
committer: user.clone(),
commitment_hash: swap_params_hash,
committed_at: current_block(),
revealed: false,
};
let commitment_hash = Self::hash_commitment(&commitment);
self.commitments.insert(commitment_hash, commitment);
Ok(commitment_hash)
}
/// User reveals actual swap parameters
pub fn reveal(
&mut self,
commitment_hash: CommitmentHash,
swap_params: SwapParams,
) -> Result<(), Error> {
let mut commitment = self.commitments
.get(&commitment_hash)
.ok_or(Error::CommitmentNotFound)?
.clone();
// Verify reveal period passed
ensure!(
current_block() >= commitment.committed_at + self.reveal_period,
Error::RevealPeriodNotPassed
);
// Verify hash matches
let params_hash = Self::hash_params(&swap_params);
ensure!(
params_hash == commitment.commitment_hash,
Error::InvalidReveal
);
commitment.revealed = true;
self.commitments.insert(commitment_hash, commitment);
Ok(())
}
}
/// Fair transaction sequencing
pub struct FairSequencer {
pub pending_transactions: Vec<PendingSwap>,
pub ordering_rule: OrderingRule,
}
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo)]
pub enum OrderingRule {
/// First-come-first-served
FCFS,
/// Time-weighted by reputation
ReputationWeighted,
/// Batch auction (all swaps in block execute at same price)
BatchAuction,
}
impl FairSequencer {
/// Order transactions fairly
pub fn sequence_transactions(
&mut self,
) -> Vec<PendingSwap> {
match self.ordering_rule {
OrderingRule::FCFS => {
// Simple: order by arrival time
self.pending_transactions.sort_by_key(|tx| tx.received_at);
}
OrderingRule::ReputationWeighted => {
// High reputation gets slight priority
self.pending_transactions.sort_by_key(|tx| {
let reputation = Self::get_reputation(&tx.sender).unwrap_or(0);
// Combine time and reputation
tx.received_at - (reputation / 1000) as BlockNumber
});
}
OrderingRule::BatchAuction => {
// All execute at uniform clearing price
// No ordering needed - all batched
}
}
self.pending_transactions.clone()
}
}Formal Verification
// Using formal verification with kani
#[cfg(kani)]
mod verification {
use super::*;
#[kani::proof]
fn verify_no_double_spend() {
let swap_id: Hash = kani::any();
let secret: Vec<u8> = kani::any();
// Assume valid swap exists
kani::assume(Swaps::<T>::contains_key(&swap_id));
// First claim
let result1 = Module::<T>::reveal_secret(
Origin::signed(participant),
swap_id,
secret.clone(),
);
// Second claim with same secret (should fail)
let result2 = Module::<T>::reveal_secret(
Origin::signed(participant),
swap_id,
secret,
);
// Assert: second claim fails
kani::assert(result2.is_err(), "Double spend prevented");
}
#[kani::proof]
fn verify_timelock_safety() {
let swap_id: Hash = kani::any();
let current_block: BlockNumber = kani::any();
let swap = Swaps::<T>::get(&swap_id).unwrap();
// If before time lock, refund should fail
if current_block <= swap.time_lock {
let result = Module::<T>::refund(
Origin::signed(swap.initiator),
swap_id,
);
kani::assert(result.is_err(), "Early refund prevented");
}
// If after time lock and not claimed, refund should succeed
if current_block > swap.time_lock && swap.state == SwapState::Initiated {
let result = Module::<T>::refund(
Origin::signed(swap.initiator),
swap_id,
);
kani::assert(result.is_ok(), "Legitimate refund succeeds");
}
}
}Audit Checklist
# security-audit-checklist.yml
atomic_swap_security:
reentrancy:
- ✓ All external calls after state changes
- ✓ Reentrancy guards on critical functions
- ✓ No callback hooks without protection
time_lock:
- ✓ Minimum time lock enforced
- ✓ Maximum time lock enforced
- ✓ Time lock checked before actions
- ✓ Block timestamp manipulation considered
replay_protection:
- ✓ Nonces tracked per account
- ✓ Used secrets recorded
- ✓ Chain ID included in swap hash
- ✓ Swap IDs globally unique
collateral:
- ✓ Sufficient collateral verified
- ✓ Collateral properly locked
- ✓ Collateral returned on completion
- ✓ Slashing conditions enforced
state_machine:
- ✓ Invalid transitions prevented
- ✓ All states have exit conditions
- ✓ State changes atomic
- ✓ No race conditions
oracle_security:
data_integrity:
- ✓ Multiple oracle sources required
- ✓ Outlier detection implemented
- ✓ Reputation-weighted consensus
- ✓ Data signed by oracles
manipulation_resistance:
- ✓ Stake requirements for oracles
- ✓ Slashing for bad data
- ✓ Time-weighted data averaging
- ✓ Cross-validation between sources
cross_chain:
message_verification:
- ✓ Validator signatures verified
- ✓ Threshold signatures required
- ✓ Message replay prevented
- ✓ Chain ID validation
finality:
- ✓ Source chain finality confirmed
- ✓ Reorg protection implemented
- ✓ Timeout handling defined
- ✓ Dispute resolution process
emergency:
circuit_breakers:
- ✓ Emergency pause function
- ✓ Rate limiting on swaps
- ✓ Max transaction size limits
- ✓ Governance override capability
upgrade_safety:
- ✓ Time-locked upgrades
- ✓ Multi-sig governance
- ✓ Migration path defined
- ✓ Rollback procedure documentedIntegration Example
Putting it all together:
/// Complete bridge transaction with all security features
pub async fn execute_secure_bridge_transaction(
user: AccountId,
credit: ContributionCredit,
target_amount: Balance,
target_currency: BricsCurrency,
) -> Result<BridgeReceipt, Error> {
// 1. Generate ZK proof (Path 2)
let zk_proof = CreditProofGenerator::prove_credit_capacity(
&mut rng,
credit.reputation_score,
extract_ecological_metrics(&credit),
target_amount,
)?;
// 2. Check liquidity (Path 3)
let liquidity_state = LiquidityPool::check_availability(
target_currency,
target_amount,
).await?;
ensure!(
liquidity_state.sufficient,
Error::InsufficientLiquidity
);
// 3. Calculate dynamic fee (Path 3)
let fee = AdaptiveFeeController::calculate_fee(
liquidity_state.utilization_rate,
)?;
// 4. Initiate secure atomic swap (Path 4)
let secret = generate_secret();
let hash_lock = hash(&secret);
let swap_id = AtomicSwapPallet::initiate_swap(
user.clone(),
brics_bridge_account,
hash_lock,
time_lock,
target_amount,
calculate_brics_equivalent(target_amount, target_currency),
target_currency,
calculate_collateral(target_amount),
)?;
// 5. Wait for BRICS Pay settlement
let brics_tx = wait_for_brics_settlement(swap_id).await?;
// 6. Reveal secret to claim
AtomicSwapPallet::reveal_secret(
brics_bridge_account,
swap_id,
secret,
)?;
// 7. Update reputation (Path 1 & 3)
ReputationSystem::credit_successful_swap(&user)?;
Ok(BridgeReceipt {
swap_id,
user,
amount: target_amount,
fee,
brics_tx_id: brics_tx.id,
completed_at: current_block(),
})
}Next : Integration with existing Univrs.io architecture
Last updated