Modern C++ Patterns

Modern C++ utilizes features introduced in C++11 and later versions (C++14, C++17, C++20, etc.) to write cleaner, more efficient, and more maintainable code. Here are some best practices and examples to follow for Modern C++:

1. Use the auto Keyword

With auto, the compiler deduces the type of the variable, making code simpler and reducing redundancy.

auto x = 10;   // x is deduced to be int
auto y = 5.0;  // y is deduced to be double

2. Prefer nullptr to NULL

nullptr is a type-safe null pointer introduced in C++11.

int* ptr = nullptr;

3. Use Range-Based for Loops

Range-based for loops simplify iteration over containers.

std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for (const auto& elem : vec) {
    std::cout << elem << " ";
}

4. Use Smart Pointers

Smart pointers handle automatic memory management and help avoid memory leaks.

#include <memory>
std::unique_ptr<int> p1(new int(5));         // unique_ptr
std::shared_ptr<int> p2 = std::make_shared<int>(10); // shared_ptr

5. Prefer std::thread and High-Level Concurrency

For creating threads, std::thread provides a clearer and safer API.

#include <thread>
void threadFunction() {
    // Do some work
}
std::thread t(threadFunction);
t.join();  // Wait for the thread to finish

6. Use constexpr for Compile-Time Constants

constexpr can be used to perform computations at compile time.

constexpr int square(int x) {
    return x * x;
}
int area = square(5);  // Computed at compile time

7. Make Use of enum class Over Traditional enum

enum class offers better type safety.

enum class Color { Red, Green, Blue };
Color c = Color::Red;

8. Use == and != for Comparison Operations

Leverage default comparison operators where == and != can be synthesized by the compiler in newer C++ versions.

struct Point {
  int x, y;
  auto operator<=>(const Point&) const = default; // Adds all comparison operators
};

9. Prefer std::array Over Built-In Arrays

std::array provides the benefits of a statically-sized array with improved safety and functionality.

#include <array>
std::array<int, 5> nums = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

10. Use std::optional for Nullable Return Types

std::optional represents optional values that may or may not exist.

#include <optional>
std::optional<int> getValue(bool condition) {
    if (condition) return 42;
    else return std::nullopt;
}

Resources for Learning Modern C++:

1. Books:

   • "Effective Modern C++" by Scott Meyers

   • "C++ Primer (5th Edition)" by Stanley B. Lippman, Josée Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo

2. Online Courses:

   • C++ Nanodegree Program by Udacity

   • C++ Fundamentals by Pluralsight

3. Online Documentation and Tutorials:

   • cppreference.com: A comprehensive online resource for C++ standard library documentation.

   • cplusplus.com: Another widely-used resource for C++ documentation and tutorials.

4. Video Tutorials:

   • C++ Programming Playlist by The Cherno

   • C++ Weekly: Weekly video series on Modern C++ features and best practices.

By adhering to these best practices and using the suggested resources, you can significantly improve your proficiency in Modern C++.